A Roskopf, pin-lever, or pin-pallet escapement is an inexpensive, less accurate version of the lever escapement, used in mechanical alarm clocks, kitchen timers, mantel clocks and, until the 1970s, cheap watches now known as pin lever watches. It was patented by German watchmaker Georges Frederic Roskopf in 1867, although the idea was conceived by French watchmaker Louis Perron in 1798, reinvented and patented by Louis-Gabriel Brocot in 1823,[1] and suggested to Roskopf by Jules Grossmann.[2]
An escapement is the mechanism in a timepiece that gives the balance wheel pushes to keep it moving, and releases the timepiece's gears to advance a certain amount with each 'tick', or swing of the wheel. The pin pallet escapement is similar to the lever escapement, except that the horizontal jewel pallets on the lever are replaced with vertical metal pins, and the shape of the escape wheel teeth is modified.
The pin pallet escapement was widely used because it had many of the advantages of the lever escapement but was easier to manufacture. The pallets in a traditional lever escapement have two angled faces, the locking face and the impulse face, which engage the escape wheel teeth. They must be adjusted to precisely correct angles for the escapement to function. In the pin pallet escapement these faces are designed into the shape of the escape wheel teeth instead, eliminating the need for costly adjustments. However, the metal pins have much higher friction than jewelled pallets, and combined with the looser manufacturing tolerances this made pin pallet timepieces less accurate. The metal pins also wear quicker. Pin pallet timepieces are usually too cheap to justify repairing, and are usually thrown away when they break down or wear out.
Roskopf used the escapement in his visionary project to manufacture a 'laborer's watch', a pocket watch, which would sell for less than a week's wages of an unskilled laborer.[2] [3]. The innovative Roskopf watch, which came out in 1876, won awards and was widely imitated, being made in various forms until about 1925.[2] In the USA, the escapement was used in cheap dollar watches.[4] It continued to be used in cheap wristwatches when they gained popularity after World War I. To keep costs down, pin-pallet watches usually didn't have any jeweled bearings, using plain steel bearings instead, although sometimes one jewel was incorporated for advertising purposes. An exception is Timex and Oris[5][6] who in the 1960s produced fully jeweled pin-pallet watches. By 1980 inexpensive quartz watches took over the market for pin pallet watches, and production ceased. Quartz technology is gradually replacing the last uses of pin pallet movements in timers and alarm clocks.